一、在境外设立常设机构的优点
企业在进行国际贸易活动时通常会存在设立境外主体的需求,除了便利中国企业在当地进行贸易、采购活动,提升知名度,属地化文化融入等原因,当地公司法律上也会对本地企业与境外企业有不同的经营资质要求。此外,在境外设立常设机构(Permanent Establishment, 以下简称"PE")往往也能带给公司带来税务上的便利。
根据国际税法的一般概述,关于PE的几种税收模型可以分为:Andean模型、OECD模型、UN模型1,其中使用较多的为OECD模型和UN模型,相关法律规定可参考《OECD税收协定》(以下简称“OECD协定”)和《UN税收协定》(以下简称“UN协定”)。
根据OECD协定和UN协定,中国企业12个月中在当地服务超过一定期限(一般为6个月),则视为在当地设立了PE,需要作为当地居民在当地纳税。而设立了PE,通过PE缴纳当地税务往往更为便利和优惠。
二、子公司(Subsidiary)- 离岸公司(SPV)、分公司(Branch)、代表处(representative office)的区别
根据国际各国的法律惯例2,子公司往往有独立法人地位,而分公司和代表处不具有独立法人地位。子公司往往可以独立承担法律责任,并且通常不以母公司的名义进行经营活动,而分公司和代表处则需要总公司承担责任。而代表处和子公司相比,往往不具备贸易、投资等资质,一般只会进行一些租赁、雇佣等合同活动。
根据经营能力和活动范围的比较,往往是子公司>分公司>代表处;而相应地,设置及注销成本、架构繁琐程度、管理难度往往也为子公司>分公司>代表处。
而离岸公司(SPV)英文全称特殊目的实体(Special Purpose Vehicle)通常偏好设立在离岸区域(offshore),为企业在离岸区的海外子公司。比较著名的世界离岸区比如香港、英属维尔京群岛(BVI)、开曼群岛、百慕大群岛、美属萨摩亚群岛等,通常保密性较好且无外汇管制,税务费用也极低。此外,离岸公司的管理手续也较为简便,股东大会的管理、股权购买等规定也较为灵活和自由。
三、阿联酋关于外资设立子公司、分公司、代表处的法律规定
在亚洲西南部的阿拉伯半岛和伊朗之间,一片狭长的海面,像印度洋伸入中亚和西亚陆地的一条手臂。 这里就是波斯湾,简称海湾。在地理位置上,坐落于海湾地区的阿联酋是重要的东西方贸易、物流交通枢纽,开放的商业环境和优惠的税收政策也使得阿联酋成为全球受欢迎的离岸金融中心和避税天堂中不可忽视的一个重要地区。
阿联酋首都为阿布扎比,为大陆法系国家,由阿布扎比、沙迦、迪拜、阿治曼、富查伊拉、乌姆盖万、哈伊马角七个酋长国组成,为联邦制君主国3,《阿联酋联邦宪法》规定了联邦政府和七个组成酋长国之间的权力分配4。其中,作为2020年承办世博会的迪拜,其交通便利、政治稳定,且区域内有多个自由贸易区,吸引着众多全球顶级公司在此落地与投资。
(一)关于外资在阿联酋子公司设立的立法演变
2015年出台商业公司法案
根据阿联酋《2015年第2号商业公司联邦法》5(以下简称“《公司法》”)Article 9的规定,公司的类型分为:a- Joint Liability Company. b- Simple Commandite Company. c- Limited Liability Company. d- Public Joint Stock Company. e- Private Joint Stock Company.,其他类型的公司被视为无效。当在迪拜申请设立子公司时,应满足该法律规定的类型,其中最常见的为c类型提到的有限责任公司。
根据《公司法》Article 10的规定,除了几个离岸自由贸易区设置离岸公司外,子公司中阿联酋公民应至少保持51%以上的持股比例。
2. 2018年出台外商投资法案
根据阿联酋《2018年第19号外商直接投资法》(以下简称“《外商投资法》”)Article 6的规定6,其中设置了外商投资准入正面清单与负面清单。根据Article7的规定,正面清单中的企业可由各酋长国规定外商持股比例,最高可达100%,但是负面清单仍按原规定执行。
3. 2020年出台鼓励清单和新的修正案
2020年3月,内阁颁布了新的外商投资鼓励清单规定7,允许外资持股比例达到100%,但增加了一些注册资金和高新技术限制,并需要雇佣本地员工。2020年9月,出台26号修正案8,根据Article10的规定,外商投资原则上无任何持股比例的限制,最高可达100%,除非其开展“有战略影响”(strategic impact)活动。
(二)关于外资在阿联酋分公司&代表处设立的规定
根据《公司法》Title 9 Foreign Companies的规定,除非在自贸区内,海外公司在当地设立分公司或代表处需要经过主管部门的批准,而且分公司或代表处的代理人应当是阿联酋公民/法人。
四、以迪拜为例,简述中国企业在阿联酋设立子公司、分公司、代表处的法律建议
通过以上法律规定可以看出,中国公司在迪拜设立子公司时,除非开展“有战略影响”的活动,否则原则上外资可持股100%。目前在实践中,尚未发现落实战略影响的实际规定,官方也为出台具体解读,原则上仍可以外资身份设立子公司并持股100%。
如果想在迪拜设立分公司和代表处,建议设立在自贸区(比较著名的自贸区包括:DUBAI SOUTH 迪拜南城自贸区;Jebel Ali Free Zone Authority杰贝阿里自贸区;Dubai Silicon Oasis Authority 迪拜硅谷绿洲自由区;DUBAI AIRPORT FREE ZONE迪拜机场自贸区;DMCC (Dubai Multi Commodity Centre)迪拜多种商品贸易自由区等),没有外资持股比例限制。
申请主体设立,具体要求根据每个区域政府规定会略有不同,一般应准备母公司注册证书、公司章程、存续证明、股东会决议、股权架构图等文件并进行公证,并提供股东、董事、秘书等人的个人信息,向当地政府相关部门申请注册。拿到合格审批手续后,即可签署租赁协议,领取营业执照。关于离岸公司的设立,根据笔者在实务中的了解,往往对开户入资有一定的金额要求(150万美金以上),但是禁止和阿联酋本地公司产生经济往来。在设立公司的过程中如产生用工签证、当地银行开户困难问题,可找当地公司协助解决。
参考批注:
[1] 关于三种模型的税务分配原理与PE的认定标准,在此不再赘述。感兴趣可浏览文章:恺叔研究院,谁动了我的蛋糕——浅谈国际税法与避税原理(一)。
[2] 关于海外各公司子公司、分公司、代表处、离岸公司的规定,每个国家都有或多或少的差异,本文差异的讨论参考中国、英国、俄罗斯、日韩、瑞士等基础规则稍作总结,在实务中应结合个例和当地法律进行特殊解读。
[3] 阿拉伯联合酋长国国家信息源于百度百科。
[4] 参考于阿联酋司法部提供的阿联酋法律门户网站:https://www.moj.gov.ae/en/laws-and-legislation/latest-legislations-and-laws.aspx#page=1
[5] Federal Law No. 2 of 2015 ON COMMERCIAL COMPANIES
https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2023/Federal%20Law%20No.%202%20of%202015%20ON%20COMMERCIAL%20COMPANIES.pdf.aspx
[6] Federal Law by Decree No. (19) of 2018 Regarding Foreign Direct Investment
https://wipolex-res.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ae/ae044en.pdf
[7] Cabinet Resolution No. 16 of 2020 Concerning the Determination of the Positive List of Economic Sectors and Activities Eligible for Foreign Direct Investment and Percentage of their Ownership
https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/601b3fe900f2a66ff84d23e2/611699470d54f87f7399eaf7_united-arab-emirates-investment-law-ve9p4xgz.pdf
[8] Federal Law by Decree No. (26) of 2020 Amending Certain Provisions of Federal Law No. (2) of 2015 on Commercial Companies
https://u.ae/-/media/Documents-2022/FederalLawNo26of2020onAmendingCertainProvisionsofFederalLawNo2of2015regardingCommercialCompaniesEN20.ashx
附阿联酋《公司法》Title 9 Foreign Companies:
Article 327- Foreign Companies governed by the Provisions of this Law
Subject to the special agreements made between the Federal Government or the local Government or any entity of either of them and foreign companies, the provisions of this Law, excluding the provisions concerning incorporation, shall apply to the foreign companies that conduct their activities in the State or their place of management is based in the State.
Article 328- Performance by a Foreign Company of its Activity
1- Other than foreign companies licensed to conduct their activities in free zones in the State, foreign companies may not conduct an activity inside the State or set up an office or branch therein without a licence to this effect by the competent authority with the consent of the Ministry. The licence issued shall determine the activity that the company is licensed to conduct.
2- If a foreign company or its office or branch conducts its activity in the State prior to completion of the above procedures in this Law, the persons who conduct such activity shall be personally and jointly liable for such activity.
Article 329- Agent of Foreign Company
The agent of a foreign company shall be a UAE national. If the agent is a company, it shall be a UAE company and all its partners shall be UAE nationals. The obligations of the agent to the company and third parties shall be limited to providing such services to the company, without any responsibility or financial obligations in connection with the business or activity of the branch or office of the foreign company inside the State or abroad.
Article 330- Registration Procedures of Foreign Companies
1- No foreign company shall conduct its activity in the State unless entered in the Foreign Companies Register with the Ministry in accordance with the provisions of this Law and until the company has obtained the required approvals and licences under the applicable Laws in the State.
2- The procedures of registration in the Foreign Companies Register and the conditions to prepare the accounts and balance sheets of the branches of foreign companies in the State shall be determined under a Decision by the Minister. The office or branch of a foreign company shall be deemed as its domicile in respect of its activity in the State. The activity to be conducted shall be governed by the provisions of the applicable Laws in the State.
3- The Ministry shall issue such Decisions stating the documents required to be attached to the application for registration. Such Decisions may determine such events and conditions that should be observed for the management and closure of the branch or office of the foreign company.
4- In the event of closure of a branch of a foreign company, the Ministry shall strike off the name of such branch or office from the Foreign Companies Register kept by the Ministry.
Article 331- Balance Sheet of the Foreign Company
Other than representative offices, foreign companies or their branches shall have an independent balance sheet and an independent profits and losses account and shall have an auditor registered in the roll of auditors operating in the State. Such foreign companies or branches shall be provide to the competent authority and the Ministry annually a copy of the balance sheet and the final accounts, together with a report by the auditor and a copy of the final accounts to its holding company, if any.
Article 332- Representative Offices
1- Foreign companies may establish representative offices whose object is limited to market and production capabilities study without performance of any commercial activity.
2- The Executive Decisions of this Law shall determine the aspects of control exercised by the Ministry and the competent authority on such offices.